The body is usually solid wood, made from one or more pieces of hard wood glued together with a nice paint finish. The body is the main part of a guitar, it brings together all the guitars parts.  A lot of guitars have a cut away in it so that one can hit the higher notes without the body getting in its way.

The neck is the guitars spine and is made of graphite composite or hard wood which is normally maple and more than one pieces.  The neck has to absorb the shock of the pull of the strings and must give your hand a place to hold on.  It could be part of the guitar, bolted into it, or glued in a special slot.

The head is basically the end of the neck.  Most guitars have tuning machines attaches to it, but some do not have any and the tuning machine have to be put through the bridge.

The fingerboard is normally glued on the neck and made of a hard wood.  Most guitars have dots or some design to show where your fingers should be and two on the octaves.

The frets are thin metal strips that are put on the fingerboard.  Most guitars have 21 to 24 (A double octave).  The frets sets the length of a string's vibrating portion, so you can hear a note.

The nut is a piece of bone, plastic, or metal at the top of the fingerboard and the bottom of the head. It is there so the strings are spaced out and also separates the sound, anything that is above the nut is not important to making a sound.

Each string is attached to a tuning machine (also called a tuning key, or tuner). When you turn the tuning machine's knob, the string wraps around the machine, pulling the string tight. Because tuning depends on string tension, the tighter a string is, the higher it sounds when you pick it.

Strings make the guitar's sound. The magnetic pickups underneath them sense their vibrations and send tiny electrical signals to an amplifier. Heavier strings are harder to bend but produce a stronger sound as in the strings on a bass. They also stay in tune better than thinner ones. On an electric guitar, the strings are usually steel with either steel or nickel windings around the steel core they can even be plastic tubing.

Like the nut, the bridge acts as an endpoint for strings. Some bridges anchor the strings, while others let them pass over before they end at a part called a tailpiece. Small, movable bridge parts called saddles support each string, setting its height, spacing from adjacent strings, and how well it stays in tune with the others. Some bridges have a tremolo (also sometimes called a vibrato), which has a bar that slightly detunes the strings when you press on it. This is good for warbling effects, but also makes a guitar harder to tune.

The end of the line for strings, a tailpiece can be a beefy piece of metal bolted to the body or a thin, lightweight piece that looks like a trapeze. In many modern guitars, the tailpiece is part of the bridge and may include a tremolo for bending notes.

Located beneath the strings, and set into the body, are pickups. An electric guitar can have one, two, three, or even more pickups and they are either straight up and down or on a slant.  They're coils of wire wound around a magnet to translate the string's vibrations into electrical signals that an amplifier turns into sound. Think of a pickup like a microphone for the string's vibrations. There are two primary types of pickups: Single-coil and hum bucking (dual-coil). Basic single-coil pickups use one coil. Using two coils in a pickup makes it a hum bucker.  It reduces hum and noise while creating different tones.