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DECKS are probably the most important part of a skateboard. It is what you stand on when you skate. What makes the deck very important is it's concave and shape. Concave is how much the board slopes down before the nose and tail and in the middle. Concave effects how high you get when you ollie. There are many deck brands to choose from and most are also priced based on the amount of plywood they are made of. Most skateboards are 7 ply,  while others are 9. Thicker boards are harder to break.
TRUCKS are the metal parts that hang from the bottom of the deck and hold the wheels on. They come in many different shapes and sizes. Most trucks are silver but there are also special ones that com in different colors. The size of trucks are based on the length of the axle that runs through them. They usually range from 7.5 inches to 8 inches long. The size you get depends on the width of your board. Trucks can also be low, medium, or high.  I usually get mediums or lows because they account for higher ollies.
WHEELS determine the traction you will have when you skateboard and how smooth you will ride. Like trucks and decks, wheels come in different sizes. Wheels are measured by their diameter in millimeters. Usually, wheels range from 50mm to about 58mm. I usually get smaller wheels because it makes you go faster. I think that Ricta is the best wheel brand becuase they make wheels that have special cores that let air flow through.
BEARINGS are what help the wheel spin on the axle. They go in the middle of the wheel and act as a lubricated spacer. They  come in different kinds; ABEC 3, ABEC 5, and ABEC 7. The higher the number, the faster they spin. They aremade of metal and can also be colored. Every once in a while, you need to put a couple of drops or bearing lubricant in them to keep them spinning fast.
HARDWARE is all of the the bolts, nuts, spacers, and screws that assemble a skateboard. There are small bolts to attach the hanger of the truck to the base, medium ones to hold the wheels on, and large ones to tighten or loosen the hanger of the truck. The screws also help hold the trucks on to the skateboard.